Rogerian Argument Jejunocolic Bypass and Gastric Bypass - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 551 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Rogerian Argument Essay Did you like this example? In 1963 the first Jejunocolic Bypass was performed, replacing barbaric procedures such as jaw wiring. The Jejunocolic Bypass was a type of bypass that rerouted and shortened the intestines creating weight loss by mal-absorption. Patients who had this procedure done would lose a substantial amount of weight in their first year after operation, but with complications. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rogerian Argument: Jejunocolic Bypass and Gastric Bypass" essay for you Create order The complications were so severe that the procedure would be discontinued, and in 1969 the Jejunoileal Bypass was introduced. The first introduction of this procedure would be named Jejunoileostomy, and in 1976 a second revised version would be introduced. The revised version would be called jejunoileal bypass and caused extremely severe complications. The Jejunocolic Bypass was known to cause mal-absorption, and severe diarrhea, but its revised version, the jejunoileal bypass, caused a severe vitamin deficiency and neuropathy that would push the mortality rate to four percent. The jejunoileal bypass would then also be abandoned and in 1979 the Biliopancreatic Diversion would be performed, which would then later be converted to the Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch in 1993. It is important to note that gastric banding would also be introduced in the late 70’s, and is still available today, but most surgeons will not perform it due to complications. The preferred m ethod of weight loss surgery used today is the Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, which is the final form converted from the Jejunocolic Bypass, Jejunoileal bypass, and both forms of the Biliopancreatic Diversion. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass is the most popular, and most used weight lost surgery option today. Most medical centers that are approved to perform weight loss surgery will only offer Roux-en-Y, and do not recommend the Gastric Band. Roux-en-Y is now done laparoscopically, although in some cases still done by opening the patient completely up. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y requires only 6 incisions to be completed. Although minor incisions outwardly, it is still considered major surgery due to the nature of the internal stapling of the stomach. During surgery surgeons detach the stomach from the esophagus as well as the small intestines. They leave a small piece of stomach attached to the esophagus that they then re-attach to the small intestines which then creates a small pouch that is now the patients stomach. The rest of the stomach remains inside the body but is no longer used. After surgery patients are required to stay in the hospital or medical center for one to two days for observation. During this time and two weeks after surgery they are on a strict liquid diet. Patients will then be instructed by their doctor over the next few months on how to start the implementation of soft foods back to a normal solidity of food while the new stomach route heals. A substantial amount of weight will be lost during this time of transitioning for the patient. Gastric Bypass is recommended for patients who are obese, which is defined as those who carry a BMI (Body Mass Index) of forty or higher, or whose BMI is thirty-five and higher with complications or ailments caused by obesity. Obesity complications or ailments consist of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, joint or bone pain, and more severe complications such as type 2 diabetes, risk of stroke, and risk of heart attack. These complications are usually enough to make an obese person seek out treatment such as gastric bypass.

Sample Letter For A Business Plan Essay - 964 Words

Task I did: Our team organized once or twice meetings every week. After meetings, we always communicate with each other through Facebook Groups. If I found some research are beneficial for our business plan, I posted them on the Facebook and let my teammates know. For example, I did the SWOT analysis, and I posted it. Therefore, for this presentation, my part is SWOT analysis. I also posted my idea about the logo and name for our business; moreover, my teammates posted their ideas. I participated in voting which one is better. I also told my teammates why I want to choose the corporation as our type of business. I also wrote the first business plan report and submitted it on time. When we were meetings, I participate positively. I could discuss with my teammates when I had some ideas or I felt confused about their ideas. I wanted my teammates can more clearly understand what I want to say. When we met together, I typed a document for my part. When my teammates had any doubt about my SWOT analysis, we discussed and changed together. For the whole document or PowerPoint for our business plan, my group also adopted the same way, which we discuss and modify together. Jiahui Gao: She took an active part in the discussion. She could come up with some ideas positively. She helped us to calculate and check financial parts. Lisa Mahaney : Our meetings always were organized by her. She played an important role in our team and became the meeting note-taker. She helped us to type ourShow MoreRelatedSample of Recommendation Letter1210 Words   |  5 Pages===Sample Letter of Recommendation===   To Whom It May Concern:   As the Dean of Stonewell College, I have had the pleasure of knowing Hannah Smith for the last four years. She has been a tremendous student and an asset to our school. I would like to take this opportunity to recommend Hannah for your graduate program.   I feel confident that she will continue to succeed in her studies. 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Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(29) " of failures at seven years\." Today with the of all time spread outing scope of renewing stuffs the tooth doctor needs to be cognizant of how long these Restorations are likely to last and the possible grounds for failure. This will maximize length of service of Restoration and prevent failure. The tooth doctor must besides hold a cognition of renewing stuffs advantages, disadvantages, indicants and contraindications. We will write a custom essay sample on Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now All this information will let the tooth doctor to choose the right renewing stuff for specific clinical state of affairss taking to long term clinical endurance of Restorations. Long term endurance of direct and indirect Restorations is dependent on the Restoration non neglecting â€Å" failure occurs when a Restoration reaches a degree of debasement that preludes proper clinical public presentation for either aesthetic or functional grounds of because of inability to forestall new disease † 1 Many factors contribute to the failure of a Restoration these include patient, operator and renewing stuff factors. In this literature reappraisal I will turn to the failure of direct and indirect posterior Restorations due to material factors independent of patient and operator factors such as clinical accomplishment degree of operator, tooth place and cavities rate. Purposes With respect to different stuffs for direct and indirect posterior Restorations I hope to: -Outline failure rates of direct and indirect buttocks Restorations -Outline manners of failure of direct and indirect buttocks Restorations -Outline briefly some advantages, disadvantages, indicants and contraindications of direct and indirect posterior Restorations. -Outline in some instances the factors that operators should see toreduce failure rates -Compare long term endurance of direct V indirect posterior Restoration failure Direct posterior Restorations Both amalgam and rosin complexs are indicated as direct category 1 and 2 posterior Restorations Direct buttocks amalgam Amalgam is one of the most normally used renewing stuffs worldwide in posterior direct Restoration today. Amalgam does n’t bond to tooth construction, contains quicksilver and is non aesthetic, but its low cost, straightforward managing process, rapid application and good path record of clinical public presentation in the past mean it continues to be the most convenient renewing stuff in posterior dentitions. In recent old ages at that place has been a diminution in its popularity due to public wellness concerns over its quicksilver content. Failure of amalgams can be every bit high as 6 % at seven old ages. 1 Failure of amalgam is chiefly due to 1. Secondary cavities 2. Tooth break 3. Gross amalgam break 4. Fringy dislocation Secondary cavities has been found to be the most common cause for amalgam failure accounting for 66 % of all failures in amalgam Restorations at seven years.1 Operative technique is of importance in bar of secondary cavities as taint of the readying by blood and spit, hapless matrix technique and hapless condensation lead to hapless adaptation of Restoration to the pit wall and overhangs which predispose to secondary cavities this can do Restoration failure due to tooth break and fringy breakdown.2 Tooth break can besides do amalgam failure. Amalgam does n’t bond to tooth construction and therefore does n’t reenforce the tooth, it is simply infinite filler and the tooth itself is weakened. It has been found that the bigger the Restoration including deepness and facial linguistic width the more likely the tooth is to fracture.3The ability of a tooth with an amalgam Restoration to defy break can be increased by fixing the enamel borders at an angle greater or equal to 90 degrees.4 This is because the enamel rods in the occlusal country of enamel are approximately parallel to the long axis of the tooth.5 it should be noted that defects like subsurface clefts formed during pit readying contribute significantly to early Restoration failure.6 It has been found that increased cusp break rates are linked to higher figure of surfaces restored increased patient age.7 Amalgam failure can besides originate as a consequence of gross amalgam break. This has been shown to account for about 33 % amalgam failures in one study.1 Amalgam has a low tensile strength which predisposes it to fracture particularly in load bearing countries. 1 Operator can cut down the opportunity of failure by holding pit readyings of equal deepness ( 2mm ) and by making circular internal line angles.8 Marginal dislocation of amalgam can take to failure. Incorrect cavo-surface angle can bring forth fringy surface dislocation and can take to secondary cavities doing failure. Marginal dislocation besides occurs as a consequence of delayed enlargement of amalgam but the add-on of Zn and big sums cooper to amalgam to increase mechanical belongingss has besides lead to a lessening in fringy break and longer service by the Restoration. 9 It should be noted that fringy dislocation of an amalgam is n’t a unequivocal diagnosing of secondary cavities or failure of an amalgam. Surveies have shown that secondary cavities is merely present in about 58 % of amalgams with ditched margins.10 Direct posterior Resin Composites Resin complexs are non presently the Restoration of pick for posterior dentitions because they are expensive, extremely technique sensitive, take more clip to topographic point and their clinical path record of clinical public presentation has n’t been every bit good as amalgam in the yesteryear. This state of affairs is altering as the public becomes more concerned by aesthetics and the wellness hazards associated with the quicksilver in amalgam. Resin complex is besides deriving popularity in the profession as the adhering systems improve and as the thought of conserving tooth construction becomes more of import. Failure of rosin complexs can be every bit high as 14 % at 7 old ages in posterior teeth.1 Assuming the right type of composite was chosen e.g. intercrossed or conventional. Failure of complexs is chiefly due to 1. Secondary cavities 2. Gross rosin composite break With wear, tooth break and staining causing failure of a little per centum of rosin complexs. Secondary cavities has been found to be the most common cause of rosin composite failure accounting for 88 % of failures at seven years. You read "Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"1 However in another survey secondary cavities was found to be 2nd to tooth break at 6 old ages after which it became the primary ground for failure between 6-17 years.11 The chief ground for this is due to polymerization shrinking on scene of the rosin complex which can run 2.6 to 7.1 % 12 this can organize a fringy spread particularly in dentine where bonding is n’t as strong which can take to an immersion bacterium ( microleakage ) which can do secondary cavities. The hazard for secondary cavities besides increases with time11 and with the size of the cavity.1 The operator can cut down polymerisation shrinking and perchance secondary cavities by utilizing the incremental remedy technique. Gross rosin composite break is responsible for high per centum of rosin composite failures accounting for 12 % of failures at 7 years.1 Resin complex is a brickle stuff and hence tensile strength is dependent on surface coating. It is for this ground that we ever look at diametric tensile strength as a mention to fracture opposition. Its diametric tensile strength is low and as a consequence rosin complexs are prone to fracture.13 The break opposition is extremely dependent on filler burden of rosin complex with higher filler lading increasing break resistance14 so it is really of import operator chooses of a rosin complex with a high filler burden. Tooth break does n’t account for a important proportion of rosin composite failure this is due to the fact that rosin complexs bond to tooth construction and reenforce it against fracture.15 Wear is merely a factor for failure in bruxers in which instance you likely would n’t utilize resin composite if it was traveling to be subjected to high emphasiss. Colour is besides no longer a major issue for failure with one survey describing 94 % of rosin complex with acceptable coloring materials lucifer to adjacent dentitions after 17 years.16 This has besides improved with reduced aminoalkanes in the rosin complexs taking to less yellowing. It should be noted that alot of surveies of rosin complexs included older rosin complexs which dont reflect the current rosin complexs in usage which have improved bonding which will take to reduced failure in future surveies. Indirect buttocks inlays and onlays Indirect rosin complex, gold and ceramic inlays are indicated as indirect category 1 and 2 posterior Restorations. Indirect rosin complex, gold and ceramic onlays are indicated as indirect category 1 and 2 posterior Restorations affecting one or more cusps. Indirect posterior rosin complex inlays/onlays Indirect inlays and onlays were developed as an aesthetic option for medium and big posterior Restorations. This was done to get the better of some of the jobs associated with direct posterior Restorations. These Restorations are expensive and clip devouring to put but they have distinguishable advantages over direct posterior Restorations which aim to cut down failure. Such advantages include: 1. They have improved proximal contacts as they are developed outside the oral cavity and even if wrong can be adjusted easy. 2. They have decreased polymerization shrinking as it occurs outside the oral cavity. The lone polymerisation shrinking which occurs in oral cavity is of the double cured resin cement on cementation. This decreases microleakage and increases the strength of these restorations.17 No statistical differences in success rates at 5 old ages was seen between these and direct buttocks restorations.18 With respects to failure of these Restorations, in one study19 the failure rate of indirect rosin composite inlays and onlays was 5 % at 4-6 old ages. Fracture of the tooth or fringy ridge, and secondary cavities are the most common manners of failure, with increased failure being seen with increased Restoration size. Loss of fringy adaptation, coloring material and anatomical signifier were besides seen but did non do Restoration failure. In another study20 a failure rate of 6 % at 1 twelvemonth was seen. Failure was due to secondary cavities and loss of mush verve. Again loss of anatomical signifier and fringy adaptation were seen but did non do failure of Restorations. The operator must guarantee round internal line angles and deepness of 2mm. Depth of less than 2mm can do bulk break of Restoration particularily in onlays. Indirect posterior ceramic inlays/onlays Indirect ceramic inlays/onlays are extremely aesthetic and biocompatible indirect posterior Restorations. They have the same indicants and advantages as indirect posterior rosin composite inlays/onlays but are more expensive and are seen as less user friendly. There is a really strong bond between the rosin cement and the porelain doing it a better stuff for an onlay than rosin complex. Ceramic Restorations have the potency to have on the opposing dentitions, for this ground the operator should n’t utilize them for patients with parafuntion and teeth under high emphasiss. Loss of anatomical signifier is non a job with these Restorations. In one study21 eight out of 50 of the Restorations failed due to fracture at 3 old ages it was found that accommodation to the fitting surface and polished surfaces seemed to predispose to failure. Another 6 twelvemonth study22 found failure rate of 12 % with rosin cement and 26.3 % with gic adhering techniques. Partial break and secondary cavities were the most common grounds for failure. It was besides noted that there was increased ditching in ceramic Restoration which is likely due to differing wear rate between ceramic and tooth. Operator must guarantee equal deepness and unit of ammunition internal line angles. The operator must ever do certain that with ceramic Restorations there is contact merely in maximal intercuspation and non in inframaxillary digressive motions. Indirect posterior gold inlays/onlays Posterior cast gilded inlays and onlays have an first-class clinical path record. These Restorations have first-class wear opposition, do n’t have on the opposing dentition and have high strength. They have the same indicants and contraindications as other inlays and onlays with the exclusion that they can be used in high emphasis countries, for illustration they can be used in bruxers. The disadvantage with this type of Restoration is they are expensive, can do hypersensitivity reactions and they are n’t aesthetic. Posterior cast gilded inlays weaken the staying tooth construction and can take to cusp break. The chief manner of failure of these Restorations is secondary cavities and tooth break. One survey showed a failure rate of 14.3 % at 10 old ages with 2 and 3 surface Restorations holding lower failure rates that one surface restorations.24 When making these Restorations, particularily in bruxers, the operator must ne’er put occlusal contact at enamel/gold border, contacts must be in enamel or gold merely. Indirect buttocks Crowns Cast gold metal Crowns All metal Crowns are by and large made in the signifier of full coverage cast gilded Crown. This type of Restoration has been around for over 100 old ages and has a repute for giving the longest service of any dental restoration.25 These Restorations are really strong and biocompatible. The readying of full gold Crown is the most conservative of the full coverage Crowns, and unlike ceramic Crowns they cause no wear of opposing dentitions. Their chief drawback is their high cost and deficiency of aesthetics. These Restorations are used in dentition with extended tooth construction loss, root canal treated dentitions and due to its high strength they can be placed in bruxers. The chief cause of failure for these Restorations is wear of the metal and secondary caries.26 These Restoration seldom fail by break and tend to protect tooth construction. Surveies have shown that these Restorations have the longest endurance rates and conversely the lowest failure rates of any dental Restoration. One long term survey showed a failure rate every bit low as 4.6 % 27 while another study28 reported a 32 % failure of these Restorations over 10 old ages. Interestingly this survey reported increased failure of dramatis personae gold Crown in root treated dentitions. The operator must maintain in head opposition and keeping when fixing the tooth for these types of Restorations. All ceramic Crowns All ceramic Crown usage in posterior dentition is increasing all the clip. This tendency will go on as patient ‘s concern with aesthetics additions and development of improved strength in ceramics continues. These Restorations are extremely aesthetic, less expensive than other crown options and biocompatible. Unfortunately all ceramic Crowns have a non conservative tooth readying, have really low tensile strength and cause wear of opposing dentitions and as a consequence should non be used in bruxers or in dentitions which undergo high biting forces as they will necessarily neglect. These Restoration are typically merely used posteriorly teeth with loss of tooth construction or which have been root treated. In both instances they can merely be used where aesthetics are paramount and they wont be subjected to high emphasiss. The failure of Thursdaies Restoration in posterior dentition is the highest for all crown Restorations. Current grounds even suggests that clinicians should n’t utilize all ceramic Restorations in molars.29 Failure of these Restorations is due to secondary cavities and break of the crown Restoration. One survey showed a failure rate of 0.8 % .30 Another survey reported a 6 % failure in all ceramic Restorations after 3 years.31 Neither of these surveies are longterm survey and the were set in private pattern with individual tooth doctors transporting out work. Possibly their exceeding clinical accomplishment led to such high consequences because in a long term survey over 10 old ages in general alveolar consonant services the failure rate was 52 % . This was higher that gold or ceramometal by a big fraction.28 Just like dramatis personae metal crowns the failure rate is increased in root treated dentitions. Porcelain fussed to metal Crowns Porcelain fused to metal Crowns are the most common signifier of Crown used in dental medicine. They combine the strength of the dramatis personae metal with the aesthetics of porcelain. Their chief disadvantage is their disbursal and the fact they wear opposing dentitions so they cant be used in bruxers. Their biocompatibility is besides questionable as a little per centum of people can hold hypersensitivy reactions to the metal. It is true to state that porcelain fused to metal hold comparatively long term service.32 When they fail it is normally due to recurrent cavities or break of porcelain from the metal understructure.33 One survey showed failure of 38 % at 10 years.28 The rate of failure is increased with root treated teeth as was seen with the other two types of Crowns. Decision While Is have o How to cite Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples